Organizational Communications Analysis Women’s Resource Center at Norman, Oklahoma

The Women’s Resource Center was originally started in 1973 and 1974 during the winter. It was originally started by a graduate student who wanted to assist women who were in transition points in the life. This organization could not function without effective communication and to analyze the communication strategies of the organization can provide helpful information that could further improve them. This included those women who were looking for employment as well as women who wanted to return to school. Since its opening the center has developed many programs and services (â€Å"History.. † 1). There are many programs available at the Women’s Resource Center and these include WRC Victims of Domestic Violence Shelter (providing safe temporary housing to victims of domestic violence and their children); Rape Response Team (trained volunteers who are available to meet with rape victims at the ER); counseling (specialized for victims of sexual assault or domestic abuse); WRC Education Program (offers staff that speak in a variety of places for about topics having to deal with domestic violence, date rape, healthy relationships and other topics); Children’s Program (groups that focus on letting children express their emotions and feelings); Court Advocacy (court advocates to help women through the legal system); and WRC Cells (a program to offer victims cell phones at no cost in case of an emergency) (â€Å"Programs.. † 1-2). There are also some training workshops. The main one is SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) Volunteer Training, a specialized trainin g for nurses to learn how to do forensic rape test kits (â€Å"Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). Effective communication is one of those things that are important to how well an organization is run. The Women’s Resource Center in Norman, Oklahoma has a lot of strengths in their communications. They do a good job of training both their staff and their volunteers. They work with their staff on issues about communications and knowing when to talk and when to be able to allow others to talk as they are dealing with people in very difficult situations. They learn how to effectively communicate for the situations that they are in where there is a high risk to the women that they are talking to. This means that there is a lot of training put into the idea of communications for this organization. Their main strength in communication is the overall ability to communicate effectively with those who are in a tough situation. The reason that this works so well is that there is a great deal of things in the communication process (Lee 2). Knowing the communication process can greatly help how communications are for people. According to Lass well’s model of communication there needs to be an effect for the communication to take place. What this is saying is that what is being communicated needs to have a point and a direction. In this communication process the organization is trying to point out that women deserve respect and self assurance (Lee 3). The idea of effective communication for change is something that this organization does well. The organization has made a lot of changes in the past both the long term past and the recent past. These changes are effectively communicated if three major components are available in the strategy. This study by Larkin and Larkin stated: â€Å"Communicate only facts; stop communicating values. Communicate face to face; do not rely on videos, publications or large scale meetings. And target front line supervisors; do not let executives introduce the change to frontline employees. † This is an example of the effective things that Women’s Resource Center communicates as they use a strategy that shows that each level learns new things (Cheney 330). Some of the negative things that are done at the Women’s Resource Center with communications are that the trainings are not available to the public for information. They do offer some training seminars but in the end the trainings are not available as a program on the intense level. The communication process is not as well done in advertisement or getting the word out about the programs that are available. Another area that shows weakness in communication is the organization. There is not a strong organization in this company and there are many different people volunteering and/or working for the agency. Some of the areas that could use improvement include the areas of communication about the organization and throughout the organizations volunteers and employees. This meaning that they all could use better communication to communicate between one another. The idea as stated in the same study as above is that there is sometimes little credibility to the values could be one of the communication problems in this area as it would be a problem in communicating and that the upper management and board of directors have not had a very clear vision with the Women’s Resource Center as many things have changed about their main values and ideas since the creation of the center which could cause some confusion (Cheney 330-333). A second area that has caused some problems with communications in the organization has been a lack of employed resources. This means that there are a lot of volunteers who might not have the same standards to communicating needs as regular full time or even part time employees would have. In order to effectively improve these areas there would have to be a system set up which would give both volunteers and employees a chance to express their feelings and ideas without the fear of being persecuted and with the idea that anyone who is involved has an opinion that matters. The idea that communication is a big part of leadership and how well leadership runs is based on the leader’s ability to communicate effectively. In this case this would be an area for needed improvement (Cheney 205-206). There are many areas where improvements could be made in the communication processes with the Women’s Resource Center. Some of these areas are that the management could be give better support to all of the volunteers and employees alike. Another thing that could happen is that those who are involved would be able to voice their opinions and give a case for care. They would be able to effectively communicate their needs in a process that would be pre-developed by management as it would be something that they could use on a regular basis. This means that they would be able to better manage their communications needs by effectively learning how to resolve issues and discuss issues with proper communications. The theory of Schramm on communication and the idea that overlapping boundaries and experiences make for easier communications is key in the field and services that the Women’s Resource Center is providing. It is in this process that these workers and volunteers would be able to communicate better with the clientele based on whether or not they had shared the same or similar experiences in their past (Lee 3-4). The strengths and weaknesses for this organization were apparent when reading over the press releases and other information available about the organization. Also the writer observed the communication aspects while working for the organization prior to returning to graduate school. This was observed through being a part of the organization’s training and programs. It was also observed through understanding information about the programs and how they are communicated to the public. Being able to effectively communicate is very important in the field of social work and for social service agencies. The one area where communication is well done is between the staff and the victims that come in for services as the training programs in this area are very good. Therefore their main strength is being able to communicate well to women in tough situations. The Women’s Resource Center is an organization that needs to have superior communication skills in order to deal with the problems that are being affected on a regular basis through their organization as they readily do not know what is going on and sometimes are in need of being able to communicate in a more effective manner. One of the main problems has been a lack of communications through the numerous volunteers and employees and in the end it has been a cause for some communication gaps. The main thing that can be done to improve the status of these things is for there to be a better communications system in place in general for the organization. This means that the organization would have better communication between the management and the employees and volunteers. Some of these communication gaps are what are causing the down fall for this organization and are some of the leading causes of the overall conflict that is experienced within the organization. There are always going to be â€Å"inherent challenges† when discussing communication and workplace environments (Messersmith 1). In the end communication is very important in all areas of life and when there is effective communications in some areas it lends hope to the idea that there could be effective communications in all areas of an organization. While analyzing communications for the Women’s Resource Center it is no wonder that there are many different types of communication used and it is no wonder that there are some needs for improvement. Most of the need for improvement falls on the overall board of directors and their ability to create a clear plan for what they want and what is going on within the organization. Without this they are not able to give back to the organization what is needed in order to be effective in their management and other skills. So what is needed is for the organization to work on their being able to communicate better within the organization through a set system in place for communications. This would mean that no matter when the individual was seen and whom she was seen by the whole organization would be able to help her in the future. Preparing basic short case studies and sharing them during a team meeting would be one way that this could be possible. Part of this is also being open about the organization’s needs. â€Å"Employees need to be aware of the challenges the company is facing so that they can do their part to help. † A second thing that needs to be done better is the communications that are given between the organization and the community, meaning that the community would be better informed in the future (Basili 2).

Crime in the 21st Century: Technology and Terrorism Essay

It is an accepted fact that globalization has been a dominant development of the 21st century. Together with globalization, the major crimes in the 21st century became also global in scope and nature. The website policy-traccc. gmu. edu/ (2008) cited Louise I. Shelley, Director of George Mason University School of Public Policy as saying that â€Å"Terrorists and transnational crime groups will proliferate because these crime groups are major beneficiaries of globalization. They take advantage of increased travel, trade, rapid money movements† (1st para. ). Based from the statement, the major crimes in the 21st century in the likes of Sept. 11, 2001 of World Trade Center and the subsequent activities of Al Queda were considered as terrorist-related crimes. Terrorism which is domestic in nature was defined by www. tfft. co. uk (2008) through Boaz Ganor, an expert in the same field as â€Å"the intentional use of, or threat to use violence against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. †(1st para. ). Based on the definition, the target victims of domestic terrorism were the local population of a particular community or communities within a country. Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary General define international terrorism as â€Å"any action intended to kill or seriously harm civilians or non-combatants, with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling action by a government or international organization† (â€Å"Discussion of definitions and the possibility of amalgamation†, 4th par. ). In both definitions, the use of violence, the target are individuals or a country or an international organization and the purpose is to attain political objectives were the salient points. Related to use of violence against individuals or an international organization, experience in 9/11 bombing will tell us that the impact of terrorist act is much intense when it was done in a surprise manner. In this age of great technological advancement, it is imperative for a government to use technology to pre- empt terrorist acts which usually result to great destruction of lives and properties. In order to promote development of anti-terrorism technology, the US Congress after the 9/11 has acted decisively and passed the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies (SAFETY) Act. This act provides protection to sellers, manufacturers, distributors and providers of hi-tech anti-terrorism gadgets and instruments. As a result, about 200 different companies were awarded the SAFETY Act certification. (Cafarano, 2008). This paper aims to document the availability of the latest high technology instruments, what is the principle behind such instrument and elucidate how the government is using the gadgets to 2 pre-empt surprise terrorist attacks. It was mentioned by Louise I. Shelley, Director of George Mason University School of Public Policy that terrorists usually use the benefits of globalization related to increased travel, trade and rapid money movements. This was the reason why terrorists were always associated with urban centers, buses, airplanes, airports and places where people usually congregate. The following are the popular ant- terrorism gadgets so far invented: The Anti Human-Bomb Bus In Israel and Iraq, the suicide bomber is one of the most deadly threats to innocent citizens. Numerous prevention techniques have been developed to address this problematic threat. According to Holmes, et al (2005), in Israel bus system, a new technology aimed at preventing suicide bombers from boarding a bus was invented and being used at present. This is achieved by detecting explosives from approaching passengers. Developed by Israeli Military Industries, the system takes the form of turnstile fitted with shield sensors. The sensors can detect explosives at a distance of up to a meter from the bus. When the sensor detect a suspicious passenger, the turnstile remains blocked and a red warning light flashes near the bus driver. A green light flashes when a boarding passenger is not a threat. Another turnstile at the rear of the bus allows passenger to get off the rear but not board it in cases of emergencies. The bus windows were bullet and shrapnel – proof and a communication system can allow the driver to talk to waiting passengers outside and call for help in emergencies. A bus with these features costs $25,000. 00. Rapiscan Airport Scanner This technology was developed as an answer to the improvements needed with neutron and ion detector technology (Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, 2008) According to the Panel, the drawback of the two technology instruments earlier developed is that it cannot detect explosives and other materials if hidden under lead cover and plastic materials. According to Holmes, et al , the instrument was called Rapiscan Secure 1000 and function by scanning the passenger like a virtual strip search. The machine uses a low-level reflective x-ray technology to scan a person’s body through their clothing thus showing clearly metal objects like guns and explosives wrapped in plastics. Civil liberties advocates were opposed in using it due to the virtual strip effect. The technology has been considered for compulsory use in airports. The potential of people being embarrassed due to virtual strip effect of the scanner can be avoided by separating the male from female. The eXaminer This is an advanced form of Explosive Detection System (EDS) and is currency being used in the Middle East although the technology is still being perfected in the US according to Holmes,et al. The instrument is called the Examiner 3DX600 and being used to detect explosives in baggage and not from people. This instrument uses advanced Computer Tomography that result to complete 3D image reconstruction of entire bags and analyzes any potential hazards from the baggage without the need for opening it. This reduces the likelihood of exposure of staff to hazardous stuff inside the baggage. . This EDS can completely and continuously scan over 500 bags an hour. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Biometrics This new system is called US-VISIT. It scans photographs of the visitor’s face and index finger into a computer and matched with the criminal data base of the federal agencies. According to infowars. com (2005), the RFID technology practically is an invisible automatic ID check by the government and has long been needed in clogged border system of most countries particularly the US. With RIFD technology, people or objects are identified automatically and swiftly. The technology allow vehicles outfitted with the technology to pass through toll plazas without stopping but will be stopped in borders if their identifying data produce red flags; if otherwise, they will just be stopped for a brief check without lengthy questioning. The website declared that â€Å"U. S. officials want to see if the same technology that speeds cars through highway tolls and identifies lost pets can unclog border crossings without compromising security†. As part of the biometric data base, foreign visitors at the 50 busiest land border crossings in 10 states of the US are now being fingerprinted. The chips with identifying information will be placed in a document such as the State Department issued border crossing cards for those making regular short trips across the Mexican border. The chips can also be attached to an antenna that transmit data to a handheld or stationary reader which then converts the radio waves from the RFID tag into a code that links to identifying biometric information in a computer database of border agents. The use of biometrics which involve the physiological and behavioral characteristics for identification purposes has been initiated by the US to enhance security and identification (Batch, et al, 2006). There 4 were considerations however related to its wide scale collection like its practicality and social impact which infringe on self’s autonomy. To address the concerns, the NRC and the CIA were undertaking comprehensive assessments on current biometric capabilities and future possibilities. Summary and Conclusion It was documented that 21st century crimes were mostly international terrorism in nature and can be linked to advances in technology and globalization especially with the ease of international travel and readily available financing through electronic money transfers. Since terrorists were using the technological advances in doing their crimes to achieve their political aims, the countries were also doing its best to encourage companies and individuals to develop technologically advanced gadgets to pre-empt surprise attacks which were the very common style of terrorist activities. In the US, a total of over 200 companies were registered and given the incentive of being free from legal suit and damages for them to continue their business of inventing instruments aimed at pre-empting terrorism. Only a few newly invented gadgets were available in literature. A number of them being done by the 200 companies according to unwritten sources were highly confidential in nature and therefore no literature yet are available. This was being done by the US Defense Department so that the terrorist themselves will be surprised that their planned acts of terrorism has been long monitored and therefore will think twice before implementing their plan. Surprise attack and defense has been the name of the game against terrorists. The new gadgets documented in this paper were living proof that government is not winking their eyes even for a moment and always several steps ahead of terrorist plans. The government was aware that terrorism cannot be stopped and can only be prevented from happening for the time being but the plan and danger will always be there as experienced in 9/11 bombing. Terrorism is man- made and the inspiration which fuel terrorist acts is a product of an insane mind. This cowardice act can only survive in a society which is ill- prepared and whose ideals were blurred by the blinding light of success and achievements. After the 9/11 incident, we can no longer judge the readiness of one country towards terrorism. The technological advances made it possible to hide all the preparations and readiness in the pretext that everything is topsy-turvy and no one dares to make the first move. Technology will save us all. 5 References Batch, K. , Millett, L. , and Pato, J. (2006). Summary of a Workshop on the Technology, Policy, and Cultural Dimensions of Biometric Systems. Washington. National Academy of Sciences. 62 pp. Cafarano, J. (2008). Backgrounder #213:Fighting Terrorism, Addressing Liability: A Global Proposal. May 21, 2008. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. heritage. org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2138. cfm Holmes, A. , Abarra, O. , Chamberlain, A. , Chan, W. , Ho, K. , Hsiao, A. , Von Lendeiner, J. and Nusibeth, Z. (2005). Technologies for Fighting Terrorism. 2004/2005. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. tfft. co. uk/Files/Report. pdf Infowars. com (2005). Radio Technology to Fight Terrorism. TechNewsWorld. February 5, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2008 from http://www. infowars. com/articles/bb/radio_tech_to_fight_terrorism. htm Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (1999). The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington. National Academy of Sciences. 58 pp. Shelley, L. (2008). TraCC: Devoted to understanding of crime scope and causes and to formulating policy to reduce the problem. George Mason University School of Public Policy. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://policy-traccc. gmu. edu/ Tfft. co. uk. (ca 2007). Discussion of definitions and the possibility of amalgamation. Technologies for Fighting Terrorism. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. tfft. co. uk/ApproachEnd. htm

Climate Change and Its Impact on Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Climate Change and Its Impact on Health - Essay Example Solar radiation powers the climate system. Here we are trying to explain the factors, which are affecting our climate change, and how the human activities are affecting the climate mostly in negative way. Further we will try to understand how the global warming the most visible aspect of climate change affects our whole climate system including humans worldwide. Finally we will discuss the ill effects of these climatic changes on human health as a whole. Apart from environmental perspective we would discuss this phenomenon on the basis of social and economical development and how we can manage these changes effectively and equitably. Key-words: Global warming, Current Situation Analysis (CSA), Qualitative Research Methodology (QRM), Focus Group Discussions, In Depth Interviews, Key Informant Interview, questionnaire, Free Listing, Green House Gases, Emissions. Introduction: There can be no clearer illustration of the need for human beings to act globally than the issues raised by the impact of human activity on our atmosphere. That we all share the same planet came to our attention in a particularly pressing way in the 1970's when scientists discovered that the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) threatens the ozone layer shielding the surface of our planet from the full force of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation. Damage to that protective shield would cause cancer rates to rise sharply and could have other effects, for example, on the growth of algae. Getting rid of CFC's has turned out to be just the curtain raiser; the main event is climate change, or global warming. Climate change is a very different matter. The scientific evidence that human activities are changing the climate of our planet has been studied by a working group of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC), an international scientific body intended to provide p olicymakers with an authoritative view of climate change and its causes. The Third IPCC report (2001) finds that our planet has shown clear signs of warming over the past century. The 1990's were the hottest decade, and 1998 the hottest year, recorded year the 140 years for which meteorological records have been kept. In fact, nine of the hottest years during this period have occurred since 1990, and temperatures are now rising at three times the rate of early 1900's ("This year was the 2nd Hottest, confirming a Trend, UN says", New York times, 19 December 2001,). Sea levels have risen by between 10 to 20 centimeters over the past century. Since 1960's snow and ice cover has decreased by about 10% Ad Mountain glaciers are in retreat everywhere except near the poles. Now due to climate change, lots of poor nations and their populations will face drastic situations. In 1991, a cyclone hit the coast of Bangladesh, coinciding with high tides that left 10 million people hopeless and kill ed 1, 39,000. Most of these people were living on mudflats in the deltas. As many as 70 million people could be affected in Bangladesh, and a similar number in china.

Creativity, Innovation & Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Creativity, Innovation & Sustainability - Essay Example Unless creativity is encouraged on universal level, the world’s resources will continue to decline causing a danger to the sustainable development and increasing miseries and challenges for the generations to come. Past research has shown that there exists a link between personal creativity and an ability to gain the competitive advantage in business. In a study conducted by (Quporsi, 2010), competitive advantage was considered as the dependent variable whereas the marketing innovation and creativity was chosen as independent variable. The latter was found to have a significant impact on the former when varied in the selected sample of workers in Jordanian banks. Economic strength is fundamental to the flourishment of business. Economic strength can only be enhanced by devising new and creative ways of doing business that ensure a continuous and uninterrupted supply of services to the consumers like online banking and shopping. Some of the key management issues that are encountered in the way of fostering creativity and innovation process are the fundamental characteristics and the structure of the strategy designed to achieve innovation, management of the ever existing uncertainty, and above all, the human resources. Introducing innovation and creativity in the culture of an organization requires the managers to earn the confidence of all personnel involved in the process that assume responsible positions in the core structure of the organizational hierarchy. The concept of innovation and creativity is intrinsically opposite to the conventional rules, principles and norms prevalent in the culture of the organization and therefore, is likely to be criticized by those who are indeed, required to be active players of implementation of the measures taken for achieving creativity. An organization is dependent upon its staff for achieving its short and long term objectives. Its culture is influenced by the way

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Answer question - Essay Example y, orders used to circulate from the customers to the hands of brokers to went to the floor desk to the order desk to the executing broker to the runner and then back again, and therefore errors used to be common(Sykes, 1983). In reality, this errors cannot have an impact on the capital today. The moment an error is discovered, and as well the market is still open, it is just the role of the order desk to get out the error and finally, need to determine the fault. However, determining fault is usually easy. Perhaps, double-checks in the system should be there, primarily composed of the telephone recordings as well as duplicate orders that will tell the story. In addition, it should not have absolutely impact on capital because the moment it was determined that the broker-agent, or customer, or even the floor broker was the one at fault, they could ate the error. Also, incase the error happened at any other place in the process, and then the clearing firm needed to swallow the loss (Jackwerth& Rubinstein, 1996). The function that insurance can perform in reducing the capital impact of operational loss of a firm is highly significant. Transferring a certain risk to an insurance firm can lead to a better performance hence covering diverse losses and prevent critical situation. It has been approved that insurance can be applied as a mechanism to minimize the impact of operational losses for firms like banks, and this means that a specific insurance against risks can result to a low level of minimum capital that is allocated to a given risk category (MacMinn & Richard, 2005). In hard economic moment, organization tend not be affected as such. With the financial crisis, it has been reported on ways firms employ strategies in order to cope up with the difficulties that inevitably follow crisis in economic (Douglas& Browne, 2011 ). Scenario analysis is a strategise tool in making decision. However, it has been applied for most decades in different disciplines, that

Osteoporosis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis - Case Study Example Although any individual can contract the condition, Asian and Caucasian women are more prone (Compston, 62). Apart from the vertebrae, osteoporosis affects all the bones in human bodies. However, most instances are seen commonly on the wrist, hip and spine, also known as the vertebrae. It supports the body to maintain its varying postures. Serum calcium levels are elevated in osteoporosis due to its liberation from bones because of hormone influence, the parathyroid hormone in it and more calcium absorption by the kidney that raises its level in the blood (Compston, 18). Referring osteoporosis metabolic bone diseases implies that they result from mineral abnormalities and are often reversible after treating the underlying defects. Osteoporosis can be prevented or slowed down by supplementing the food with enough elements known to lead to this condition. Exercise strengthens bones and their production contrary to the belief that it raises the risks for osteoporosis  acquisition. There are drug therapies that go handy with osteoporosis. They include use of medication such as thyroid hormon e, steroids, diuretics and anticonvulsants (Compston,

Change and power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change and power - Essay Example Stress and mood swings are greatly reduced. They are also able to concentrate better. Yoga is also viewed as a good exercise for those with heart problems, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. Chronic medical conditions such as asthma, back pain, insomnia and arthritis have been said to improve with the practice of yoga. In short, yoga benefits both physical and psychological health (Hoffman, 2008). Having known all these wonderful benefits of yoga, I was encouraged to make a yoga club with my friends in the last summer. Since most of my friends go to the gym after work or school, it was difficult at first to convince them to try yoga. Most of them are enrolled at aerobic classes or weight loss programs conducted in the gym. I had to devise a plan to at least sit down with them and discuss the benefits of yoga. I believe that only when they hear of the benefits will they consider taking up yoga classes. So I invited my friends, around 5 of them, at my house one Friday night and told them I will treat them to Korean food. I told them I have a friend who will make a presentation on one of the â€Å"hottest† topic nowadays. Curiosity got them and they all agreed to come.

Vicos Project (Case Analysis) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vicos Project (Case Analysis) - Term Paper Example Gildner (2009) reveals that for the Peruvian elites had for many decades attempted to bring an indigenous population largely viewed as backwards and pre-modern into the world of modernity without success. Therefore, it was thought that Cornell Peru Project (CPP) could bring to an end this kind of development dilemma. Cornell, working in partnership with the Instituto Indigenista Peruano (Peruvian Indigenous Institute, IIP), researched both provoked and studied social change among this indigenous population at Vicos using participant intervention method (Cornell University, n.d). By improving conditions in vital areas of education, health care, and agriculture, local anthropologists sought to insulate discrete agents of change and to monitor how effective they were. The main aim of doing this was to help improve the living standards of living of Vicos inhabitants. The most practical impact of U.S modernization efforts at Vicos came about because of pushing the Peruvian indigesimo towards an integrationalist position while marginalizing more radical advocacy for agrarian reforms. Gildner (2009) notes that the researchers of CPP found themselves between indigenous communities demanding land redistribution and land owners in the rural areas seeking the maintenance of property rights. Acting as an alternative to agrarian reform, the CPP promoted a more traditional answer to the â€Å"Indian problem† aimed at cultural assimilation as well as incorporation of politics through Spanish literacy training, increased political participation and compulsory military service. Gildner (2009) argues that this â€Å"conservative wait-and-see approach† came about from the isolated and objective science intrinsic to the modernization efforts of Cornell’s team. The success of the project was also based on power. It is the power that helped th e Vicosinos achieve a wider sharing of positive values than they had under manorial regime. Wood (1975) notes that power was recognized as a key element in change and the distribution of power in the form of participation and responsibility in decision-making to people in the community. This happened to be one of the major goals of CPP according to Wood (1975). To ensure that this became successful, CPP created a decision-making power base for the entire community through the mayorales, which is a political group within the hacienda system. Wood notes that, despite the mayorales being older men and less susceptible to innovation compared to other members of the society, the project coordinators felt that it was viable to work through traditional authority group to help drive the agenda. Research conducted by Cornell University was also aimed at stimulating and promoting technological change in underdeveloped areas. Wood reveals

Riordan Manufacturing Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing Recommendations Essay Riordan Manufacturer is a global producer of plastics. They operate in four locations, three in the United States and one plant in the People’s Republic of China. Riordan’s United States’ plastic products include beverage containers produced in Atlanta, Georgia, and custom plastic parts in Pontiac, Michigan. The Hangzhou, China plant produces plastic fan parts and corporate headquarters is in San Jose, California, (Apollo Group, 2006). Riordan Manufacturing is looking to update their human resources department with the newest and latest software recommendations. The following is a summary of the history, current set up of the department and a recommendation of the upgrade. Human Resources Information Systems Riordan’s HRIS system was set up in 1992, part of the financial systems that keep track of employee information, rate of pay, exemptions, date of hire, seniority based on date of hire, which is difficult and different from the hire date, manager’s name, department information, and non-exempt vacation time. Managers submit a form for changes to the employee information and then entered by the payroll clerk into the system. Microsoft Excel is used to keep records on training and development. Recruiters maintain information for each open position within Riordan. All resumes filed in a central location and Excel is used to track application status. A third-party manages the Worker’s compensation and keeps records at that location, not Riordan. Each manager keeps employee information for that department, which there is no central location for keeping these files. Managers are responsible for tracking all FMLA absences and any ADA recommendations. Excel spreadsheets are used for the compensation manager for job analysis, surveys on salary, and compensation decisions on individuals. Specialists in the employee relation department keep track of complaints, harassment complaints, grievances, all other employee relation information, and are then filed and locked in the employee relation department. Recommendations for Human Resources Information Systems Riordan has a diverse set of needs over four locations, one of which is an international factory located in China. This will require the software to be flexible to handle different culture and regulatory environments. Also the system will capture information form a diverse set of archival media. This is not limited to digital information but vast amounts of paper files will need to be integrated into the system. Systems complex will have specialized technical skills to deploy, customize, and maintain its operations as well as experts to provide training for personal. Ultimately careful consideration must be given to the existing processes and the results of the project. Because services are provided company-wide careful consideration about the capabilities of the program to adapt to different culture mores and holidays is a must. Also the services provided to employees need to be available in the local languages of the countries they reside. To accomplish this provider of the software must be fluent in both countries of operation. They should also have an established presence in both countries to provide service in and by local professionals. Riordan has a long history of data for its operations many of the records are stored in paper files and legacy office products rapidly nearing their production life. As such to pull historical data for strategic planning the system will need to collect data form a wide range of active and archival sources. Providers, who have a long history, will often have experience with these both with their own products and that of their competitors. As a manufacturing company of plastic parts and bottles there is a fair chance that the company will not have the skills required for such an undertaking. So the provider must be established in the market to have spawned a large pool of expert professionals using this solution. This will help in negotiating service and training contracts. The current project proposal The current HRIS project is projected to 180 days from start to the implementation of the project. The initial project will begin with a meeting with Hugh McCauley, . Questions specified to gathering information from human resources, about the current system, what he expects from the new developed system, and expectations will be of the meeting. A follow-up e-mail will also ask the same questions to aid in the answers and also give a general idea of the project guidelines, requirements, and expectations. The next step is meeting with Yvonne McMillan, Director of Human Resources. She will also have some of the same questions for the project as Mr. McCauley did during his meeting. Yvonne will be part of the initial team composed of other managers within the company and from other locations. A follow-up e-mail will also have the questions for general idea purposes. Therefore, we recommend a team comprised of management from Yvonne McMillan, Maria Trihn, Dale Edgel, Donald Bryson, Mari Carillo, Patricia Miller, Dirk Kort, Stacey Jones, and the Chinese National. Each member is from a different location within the company, from human resources, training and development, the IT department from each location including the Chinese location, finance department, and accounting and finance/controller department. Most of the initial meetings will be over an Internet setting to keep the initial cost down for the project and within the constraints inside the budget. This team will recover information from the current human resources department at Riordan to help developers to a system. This system will can be used in each location. During this stage weekly meetings will be held to discuss progress, ideas, problems, and budget matters. After information is gathered and the next step can move forward, the team will meet with developers with their presentation. Once the developers have gathered the initial information, developed a preliminary design, and prepared a presentation, they will meet with McCauley to present the general idea for the system. The development team will work on this project for the next 110 days. Once a month meetings will be scheduled between developers and the team members to discuss progress, problems, budget constraints, and hours to date. During this time, developers will check in with Yvonne with issues, concerns, and suggestions not discussed in the monthly meetings. Developers set up a trial run on Riordan’s current system. The developers will have 14 days to set up and check for compatibility issues. At which time, suggestions can be made for updates or upgrades to the current system. Once this phase of the project is successfully completed, the implementation phase will begin. Managers in the IT department will then begin the implementation phase of the project for their location. This phase should take 14 days to complete. Each location will have four days to complete and implement changes, upgrades, and updates to the system before training and in-service meetings will begin. Members of the training and development department will schedule and hold training and in-service for all departments in each location. This final stage will take eight days to complete. Each IT department for each location will be ready and available for any glitches or problems, which may arise.

Risk & Return Essay Example for Free

Risk Return Essay What are investment returns? What is the return on an investment that costs $1,000 and is sold after 1 year for $1,100? Investment returns is the expectation of earning money in the future on the amount of money invested. The return is the financial performance of the investment. The return is the difference between the amount invested and the amount you are returned after said investment. There are two ways to show return on investment. 1. By dollar return. Amount to be received – Amount invested = $1,100 $1,000 = $100 in return The problems with expressing returns in dollars, you don’t know the size of the investment for that dollar return and you don’t know the timing of the return. 2. Rate of Return or percentage returns Amount received – Amount invested / Amount invested = $100 / $1000 = . 10 = 10% The rate of return â€Å"standardizes† the dollar return by considering the timing b. (1) Why is the T-bill’s return independent of the state of the economy? Do T-bill’s promise a completely risk-free return? Beta coefficients are the weighted average of its individual securities’ betas. You will add each securities beta to find the portfolio’s beta. i. Suppose you have the following historical returns for the stock market and for the company P. Q. Unlimited. Explain how to calculate beta, and use the historical stock returns to calculate the beta for PQU. Interpret your results. See attached. Calculate betas using historical data. A regression line is fitted through the points of the market returns (x-axis) and company’s returns (y-axis) and the slope of that line provides an estimate of the stock’s beta.

N-myristoylation: An Overview

N-myristoylation: An Overview N-myristoylation Protein N-myristoylation is the covalent attachment of myristate, a 14-carbon fatty acid, onto the N-terminal glycine residues of protein substrates. It is transferred co- or post-translationally to a subset of proteins from a thioester form, myristoyl-CoA, catalyzed by N-myristoyl transferases (NMTs). (insert genes expressing nmt1 and nmt2, NMT recognizes a general consensus sequence for myristoylation (Gly-X-X-X-(Ser/Thr/Cys)) containing a N-terminal glycine, 3 other amino acids and a serine, threonine or a cysteine in the fifth position.) While this process is often observed co-translationally on nascent shorter protein substrates, post-translation myristoylation ensues during apoptosis on N-terminal glycine residue exposed after caspase cleavage of protein substrates.1 An increase in proteins hydrophobicity conferred by this modification allows for weak protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, as well as for membrane targeting and function of proteins involved in signal tr ansduction cascades.2 NMTs served as therapeutic targets owing to their importance for the survival of human pathogens and their association with carcinogenesis.1 To globally profile NMT protein substrates, chemical proteomic approaches have been employed where small tags on fatty acids such as an alkyne (YnMyr) or azide (AzMyr) (Fig. X) were developed to probe myristoylated proteins via metabolic labeling.3,4 This probe was successfully used in a high-confidence profiling of the co-translational myristoylome in human and zebra fish.5 Although YnMyr remains to be the probe of choice owing to its minimal background labeling6, it was demonstrated to label proteins with other known lipid-modifications such as NÃŽÂ µ-myristoyl,7 S-palmitoyl8 and GPI-anchors9-compromising its specificity towards labeling of N-terminal myristoylated proteins. To circumvent the challenge of identifying the true NMT substrates, Tate et al. used an integrated chemical biology approach where selective inhibition of NMT with smal l-molecule inhibitors combined with YnMyr labeling and quantitative proteomics allowed for profiling of more than 30 known and novel protein candidates for N-myristoylation in blood-stage malaria parasite.9 (describe that the presence of inhibitor abolished the labeling of the true substrates, which should not be enriched in control samples) This technology was also applied to globally profile the N-myristoylome of other human pathogens such as in  Leishmania donovani,10 Trypanosoma brucei,11and recently Trypanosoma cruzi.12Theprofiling of a large set of N-myristoylated proteins with diverse cellular functions unravels the significance of this lipid modification in these parasites. Furthermore, this also validates NMT as a viable drug target in attenuating the virulence of these pathogens. Extending the same approach to HeLa cancer cells enabled the identification of more than 100 of both co- and post-translationally modified N-myristoylated proteins, majority of which were identi fied at endogenous levels for the first time.13 Indeed, this robust technique proved to be powerful in discriminating on-target proteins from off-targets in a proteome-wide analysis, resulting in the discovery of novel NMT protein substrates at high confidence. Although promising, the method described where NMT inhibitors were used may not be applicable to more complex systems where cell viability may be compromised, e.g. in the context of viral and bacterial infection. An alternative targeted approach tosimplify data analysis of enriched proteins employs isolating those that bear the N-terminal glycine requirement for N-myristoylation. This enabled the profiling of downregulated host N-myristoylated proteins upon infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)14, as well as novel fatty-acylated proteins encoded by HSV. This same approach provided a more defined picture of the demyristoylating function of the bacterial effector IpaJ upon host cell invasion of Shigella flexneri, which was determined to contribute to its virulence.15   Palmitoylation Proteins S-palmitoylation is the attachment of a 16-carbon long fatty acid (as palmitate-CoA) to cysteine residues, which was first discovered by radiolabeling of virus-infected cells with [3H]palmitate.16 The formation of the thioester linkage is mediated by a family of protein acyl transferases (PATs) that bear a conserved Asp-His -His-Cys catalytic motif (DHHC-PATs), which can be removed by hydrolysis aided by acyl protein thioesterases (APTs).17 Owing to the reversibility of this modification, S-palmitoylation of proteins was thought to be dynamically regulated ,whereby a subset of proteins are transiently palmitoylated in a certain time point/cellular activity. (insert something) S-palmitoylation has been demonstrated to be an essential mechanism for protein stability, activity, and proper cellular localization.18 Recent advances in identifying palmitoylated proteins revealed not only its key role in regulatory mechanisms but as well as in host invasion and virulence of pathogen s. Large-scale proteomic profiling of S-palmitoylated proteins using metabolic labeling has been heavily dependent on employing the alkyne analogue of palmitic acid, 17-ODYA (Fig. X). This commercially available chemical reporter is suitable for these analyses as it has shown better specificity and has minimal background in labeling proteins that are ought to be acylated by shorter fatty alkyl chains.6 The subsequent click reaction with fluorophore- or biotin-azide then allows for in-gel fluorescence monitoring and biotin-pulldown strategy prior to LC-MS proteomic analysis of labeled proteins, respectively. In these studies, hundreds of palmitoylated proteins were identified with a wide range of functions, highlighting the importance of S-palmitoylation in a plethora of cellular mechanisms and pathways. For instance, the first report on using such strategy applied to mammalian cells identified around 125 candidate S-palmitoylated proteins at high confidence, including G proteins, recept ors and uncharacterized hydrolases.19 Using the same strategy in dendritic immune cells (DC2.4) identified more than 150 predicted S-palmitoylated proteins and revealed that palmitoylation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3)20 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)21 is essential for their antiviral activity. A more recent study on Cryptococcus neoformans revealed that a single PAT, Pfa4, palmitoylates the fungal proteins required for parasite integrity and virulence-palmitoylating 72 proteins identified in a global-scale approach.22 A more quantitative approach to measure levels of palmitoylated proteins combines metabolic labeling with 17-ODYA and Stable Isotope Labeling with amino acids in Cultured Cells (SILAC). In virus-infected RPE-1 epithelial cells, selective repression was observed for host S-palmitoylated proteins, including interferon signaling regulators and members of the tetraspanin family.14 A novel set of HSV-encoded proteins palmitoylated by the host machinery were selectively and significantly identified, further suggesting that HSV exploits the palmitoylation pathway which contributes to its virulence. As palmitoylation is a reversible process, the dynamic cycling of palmitoylated proteins in mouse T-cell hybridoma cells was investigated using this quantitative approach in combination with a pulse-chase technique.23 Through the use of a serine lipase-inhibitor as the chase, palmitoylated proteins that undergo fast turnovers were distinguished from those that are stably modified. This indicates that a subset of this dynamic palmitoylation event is regulated by serine hydrolases, validating the fundamental regulatory mechanism of depalmitoylation for proteins with rapid turnovers. It is important to note that in this study, only the insoluble protein fractions were analyzed, as the soluble proteins were not amenable to metabolic probe incorporation.19 Given the dynamic nature of palmitoylation, the metabolic labeling strategy would allow labeling of only those that are palmitoylated at the time of probe treatment and were stably modified. An older approach, coined as acyl-biotin exchange (ABE), has the potential to capture the full complement of palmitoylated proteins. In this multistep procedure, the protein lysates are treated with hydroxylamine to selectively cleave the thioester bonds, followed by disulfide capture with thiol-containing biotin analogue, and subsequently enriched through a pulldown technique prior to LC-MS analysis. ABE was first utilized in tandem with semi-quantitative MudPit analysis on profiling the palmitome of Saccharomyces cerivisae.24 The 12 known and 35 new palmitoylated proteins identified presented the first evidence on the diverse specificities of PATs. The ABE method was further employed in profiling the palmitoylome in rat neurons,25 human T cells,26 and recently in poplar tree cells,27 establishi ng its applicability to a wide range of biological systems. Both ABE and metabolic labeling approaches combined with SILAC revealed their large complementarity in profiling S-palmitoylated proteins in Plasmodium falciparum.28 A total of more than 400 palmitoylated proteins were identified where 202 proteins were enriched in both methods. As expected, metabolic labeling identified a lesser number of proteins, reflecting the less complexity in this approach. A pulse-chase labeling using ABE in a quantitative approach with 2-BMP as the parasite PAT inhibitor revealed the identification of a range of stably and dynamically palmitoylated proteins. Indeed, this study demonstrated the importance of palmitoylation in multiple parasite-specific processes, specifically in drug resistance, asexual stage development, host cell invasion, and protein export. Both methods were also employed in investigating the dysregulation of palmitoylation in breast cancer cells by inducing Snail-overexpression- an event correlated with chemoresistance and metastasis.29 Results showed that some proteins were differentially expressed regardless of differential palmitoylation. Thus, Snail-overexpression compromises the dynamic palmitoylation of some proteins that may be involved in pathways that contribute to malignancy. Albeit most proteins are S -palmitoylated in their cysteine residues, others were reported to be O-palmitoylated30 and N-palmitoylated17, which are also labeled by 17-ODYA. To distinguish S-palmitoylated proteins from these other forms in Toxoplasma gondii, a method similar to ABE was employed which also takes advantage of the labilityof thioester bonds to hydrolysis.31 In this approach, the metabolic incorporation of 17-ODYA and enrichment is followed by hydroxylamine cleavage to profile S-palmitoylated proteins. This confirmed 282 hydroxylamine-sensitive proteins from 501 putative palmitoylated proteins enriched from the initial 17-ODYA labeling. This also revealed and validated that palmitoylation of AMA1, a protein essential for host-cell invasion, is not required on invasion but increases microneme secretion. Taken together, these studies presented underscore the utility of large-scale S-palmitome profiling in understanding the biological importance of this lipid modification. Applying these techniques to future palmitome analysis would further discover potentially novel protein functions and cellular mechanisms across different biological systems. Wright, M. H., Heal, W. P., Mann, D. J. Tate, E. W. Protein myristoylation in health and disease. J. Chem. Biol. 3, 19-35 (2010). Farazi, T. A., Waksman, G. Gordon, J. I. The Biology and Enzymology of ProteinN-Myristoylation . J. Biol. Chem. 276 , 39501-39504 (2001). Heal, W. P., Wickramasinghe, S. R., Leatherbarrow, R. J. Tate, E. W. N-Myristoyl transferase-mediated protein labellingin vivo. Org. Biomol. Chem. 6, 2308-2315 (2008). Heal, W. P., Wright, M. H., Thinon, E. Tate, E. W. Multifunctional protein labeling via enzymatic N-terminal tagging and elaboration by click chemistry. Nat. Protoc. 7,105-117 (2012). Broncel, M. et al. Myristoylation profiling in human cells and zebrafish. Data Br. 4, 379-383 (2015). Charron, G. et al. Robust Fluorescent Detection of Protein Fatty-Acylation with Chemical Reporters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 4967-4975 (2009). Liu, Z. et al. Integrative Chemical Biology Approaches for Identification and Characterization of Erasers for Fatty-Acid-Acylated Lysine Residues within Proteins. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 54, 1149-1152 (2015). Wilson, J. P., Raghavan, A. S., Yang, Y.-Y., Charron, G. Hang, H. C. Proteomic Analysis of Fatty-acylated Proteins in Mammalian Cells with Chemical Reporters Reveals S-Acylation of Histone H3 Variants. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 10, M110.001198 (2011). Wright, M. H. et al. Validation of N-myristoyltransferase as an antimalarial drug target using an integrated chemical biology approach. Nat Chem 6, 112-121 (2014). Wright, M. H. et al. Global Analysis of Protein N-Myristoylation and Exploration of N-Myristoyltransferase as a Drug Target in the Neglected Human Pathogen Leishmania donovani. Chem. Biol. 22, 342-354 (2015). Wright, M. H., Paape, D., Price, H. P., Smith, D. F. Tate, E. W. Global Profiling and Inhibition of Protein Lipidation in Vector and Host Stages of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. ACS Infect. Dis. 2, 427-441 (2016). Roberts, A. J. Fairlamb, A. H. The N-myristoylome of Trypanosoma cruzi. Sci. Rep. 6,31078 (2016). Thinon, E. et al. Global profiling of co- and post-translationally N-myristoylated proteomes in human cells. Nat Commun 5, (2014). Serwa, R. A., Abaitua, F., Krause, E., Tate, E. W. OHare, P. Systems Analysis of Protein Fatty Acylation in Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells Using Chemical Proteomics. Chem. Biol. 22, 1008-1017 (2015). Burnaevskiy, N., Peng, T., Reddick, L. E., Hang, H. C. Alto, N. M. Myristoylome profiling reveals a concerted mechanism of ARF GTPase deacylation by the bacterial protease IpaJ. Mol. Cell 58, 110-122 (2015). Schmidt, M. F. G. Schlesinger, M. J. Fatty acid binding to vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein: a new type of post-translational modification of the viral glycoprotein. Cell 17, 813-819 (1979). Linder, M. E. Deschenes, R. J. Palmitoylation: policing protein stability and traffic. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, 74-84 (2007). Smotrys, J. E. Linder, M. E. Palmitoylation of Intracellular Signaling Proteins: Regulation and Function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73, 559-587 (2004). Martin, B. R. Cravatt, B. F. Large-scale profiling of protein palmitoylation in mammalian cells. Nat Meth 6, 135-138 (2009). Yount, J. S. et al. Palmitoylome profiling reveals S-palmitoylation-dependent antiviral activity of IFITM3. Nat Chem Biol 6, 610-614 (2010). Chesarino, N. M. et al. Chemoproteomics reveals Toll-like receptor fatty acylation. BMC Biol. 12,91 (2014). Santiago-Tirado, F. H., Peng, T., Yang, M., Hang, H. C. Doering, T. L. A Single Protein S-acyl Transferase Acts through Diverse Substrates to Determine Cryptococcal Morphology, Stress Tolerance, and Pathogenic Outcome. PLoS Pathog. 11,e1004908 (2015). Martin, B. R., Wang, C., Adibekian, A., Tully, S. E. Cravatt, B. F. Global profiling of dynamic protein palmitoylation. Nat Meth 9, 84-89 (2012). Roth, A. F. et al. Global Analysis of Protein Palmitoylation in Yeast. Cell 125, 1003- 1013 (2006). Kang, R. et al. Neural palmitoyl-proteomics reveals dynamic synaptic palmitoylation. Nature 456, 904-909 (2008). Morrison, E. et al. Quantitative analysis of the human T cell palmitome. Sci. Rep. 5, 11598 (2015). Srivastava, V., Weber, J. R., Malm, E., Fouke, B. W. Bulone, V. Proteomic Analysis of a Poplar Cell Suspension Culture Suggests a Major Role of Protein S-Acylation in Diverse Cellular Processes. Front. Plant Sci. 7, 477 (2016). Jones, M. L., Collins, M. O., Goulding, D., Choudhary, J. S. Rayner, J. C. Analysis of Protein Palmitoylation Reveals a Pervasive Role in Plasmodium Development and Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 12, 246-258 (2012). Hernandez, J. L. et al. Correlated S-palmitoylation profiling of Snail-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Mol. Biosyst. 12, 1799-1808 (2016). Zou, C. et al. Acyl-CoA:Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase I (Lpcat1) Catalyzes Histone Protein O-Palmitoylation to Regulate mRNA Synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 286 ,28019-28025 (2011). Foe, I. T. et al. Global analysis of palmitoylated proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Host Microbe 18,501-511 (2015).

Mary Whiton Calkins Essay -- essays research papers

Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to be elected as president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. The majority of her adult life was dedicated to her work in the development of â€Å"psychology of selves.† She was very passionate about the relatively ‘new’ world of psychology and was highly active in the field of philosophy. Mary Whiton Calkins was not deterred in her ambitions because she was a woman, instead she used her struggles to gain a voice and to speak out against the oppression of women during the 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in 1863 to a Presbyterian minister and his wife, she grew up in a very tight-knit family as the oldest of five children. In 1880, the family moved to Massachusetts where they settled and built a home. Mary’s father wanted the best for his daughter, and designed and supervised Mary’s education until she graduated in 1882. Upon graduation, Mary attended Smith College with an advanced standing as a sophomore. In 1893, Mary’s sister passed away and Mary dropped out of college for a season, taking her classes through private lessons at home. Mary returned to Smith College in 1884 as a senior and graduated with a concentration on philosophy and classics. In 1886, two years after graduation from college, the Calkins family went to Europe for a holiday that lasted for sixteen months. Mary continued to expand her knowledge of the classics and upon returning to America, her father arranged an interview with the President of...

Immobilisation of Enzimes Essay -- Chemistry

Immobilization of enzymes is one of promising methods in enzymes performances enhancement, such as stability, recovery, and reusability. However, investigation of suitable solid support in enzyme immobilization is still the one of problems to prevent the reduction of enzymes activity. Polyethersulfone (PES) and aminated PES (PES-NH2) as novel materials for the immobilization were successfully synthesized. Structure of synthesized polymers were characterized by NMR, FTIR, and MALDI-TOF. The membranes based on PES and PES-NH2 with various pore sizes (from 10 to 600 nm) was fabricated to be applied as bioreactor to increase the immobilized lipase performances. The influences of pore sizes, concentration of additives, and the presence of functional groups on PES backbone toward enzyme loading and enzyme activities were studied. The largest enzyme loading was obtained by the immobilization of Mucor miehei onto PES-NH2 membrane composed of 10% of PES-NH2, 8% of DBP, and 5% of PEG (87 2.62 ï€  Ã¯  ­g/cm2). Activity of immobilized lipase was determined by hydrolysis reaction of pNPA and methanol to produce pNP which showed the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase onto synthesized PES (10%) membrane represented the highest enzyme activity value (568.48 mmol pNP min-1 cm-2). From the reusability test, the immobilized lipase onto PES-NH2 showed better constancy than the immobilized lipase onto PES by four times of reactions which indicated that this novel material is potential to be developed as bioreactor on enzymatic reaction. Keywords: Aminated PES, solid support, Mucor miehei, enzymatic reaction, lipase immobilization 1. Introduction Lipase, also known as triacylglycerol ester hydrolase (EC3.1.1.3), is one of inter... ...ovic, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechol. 49 (1998), 267-271. [23] L. Giorno, E. Drioli, TIBTECH 18 (2000) 339-349. [24] S.C. Stamatoglou and J.M. Keller, The Journal of Cell Biology, 96 (1983) 1820-1823. [25] M.G.Wolf, M. Hoefling, C.A. Santamaria, H. Grupmuller, G. Groenhof, Journal of Computational Chem. 31 (2010) 2169-2174 [26] T. Tosa, T. Mori, N. Fuse, I. Chibata, Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 9 (1967) 603-615 [27] L.A. Nelson, T.A. Foglia, W.N. Marmer, JAOCS, 73 (1996) 1191-1195. [28] G. Pozinak, B. Krajewska, and W. Trochimczuk, Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 129-134. [29] M.T. Sho, F. R. Eirich, H. Strathmann, and R. W. Baker, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, 11 (1973) 201-205. [30] D.S. Marsman, NTP Toxicity Report, 30 (1995) 5-93. [31] N. Handayani, N. Miletic, K. Loos, S. Achmad, and D. Wahyuningrum, Sains Malaysiana, 40 (2011) 965-972.

Born worker †Raymond Run Character Essay

Born Worker is a short story that talks about a young man his name is Jose . Jose and his cousin Arnie came from different backgrounds . Jose was born to work . one day Arnie came to Jose and told him we must work together we must open a business doing odd jobs for people but what happens that Jose does all the work and Arnie just sit around . One day they were called to clean a pool for an old man his name is Mr.clemens as usual Arnie sit and Jose does all the work .But when the old man falls into the pool and cracks his head open Jose stays with him ( even thought Arnie wanted to ran away so he wouldn’t get into trouble). After what happened with Jose he realizes that he care about helping people unlike his cousin he cares about repetition . while also Raymond Run is a short story that talks about a girl named squeaky and a boy named Raymond squeaky is Raymond younger sister, squeaky is responsible to take care of he younger brother Raymond . Squeaky like running she run in lots of events and she always win . squeaky hates gretchel while also gretchel was her competitor, on the day of the race squeaky wins the race but she realizes that she can do many things other than racing . There are some differences and similarities between both stories, Born Worker and Raymond Run . The language in both stories were in the colloquial ( language is spoken day to day ) it was in colloquial so it can help the reader visualize squeaky as an African American girl and her attitude that was not acceptable for some people in Raymond Run story . While also in Born worker story the language was in colloquial so the reader can imagine the poor guy Jose and his miserable life , and how kind he is because he always care to do right thing unlike his cousin Arnie he cares about reputation . usually colloquial language are used in both stories so it make the characters seem real and make the story more to real life . The theme in the both stories were different in Raymond Run story the theme was don’t under estimate other so in â€Å"Raymond Run† story squeaky thought that Raymond cant run and he’s a special need but then she realizes that he can run so don’t underestimate others and in Born worker the theme was Responsibility and human obligation so in â€Å"Born Worker â€Å"story Jose was responsible of his family and he went work so he can get some money because he is in a poor class while also the theme in Born worker story was human obligation because Jose help Mr.clemens when he falls in the pool and his head cracked. In a conclusion I want to say that I learned many things from those two stories I learned to be responsible and we must not judge the book by its cover and I liked those stories because they make me learn new things and the make me more aware how people live and how people can do anything just to get money .

Memories of Montreal

The main character begins by emphasizing his regret and sadness In bringing his son up in a posh, serene and wealthy neighborhood located in West Vancouver, that Is vastly deferent from the richly cultured streets of Montreal from which he grew up In. This point is clearly stated In the text with the statement â€Å"And I blame yeses'.He wishes that his son had had the chance to experience the feeling of safety and support that came with growing up In a Jewish community where all the females had similar tragic pasts Involving the Holocaust. Although his childhood may have been less luxurious than his sons he knows that Its our experiences that makes us who we are as a person, and that It was the life skills that he learned growing up In Montreal, that are priceless to him.The father than truly captures the reader Into is fond memories of growing up In Montreal as he describes the Joys that he experienced by expressing the all to familiar sights and scents that he came across while n avigating the bustling streets of Montreal that were lined with all sorts of family owned shops, delicatessens, laundries and corner stores. The main character finishes by reflecting the sorrow he feels for his son as he walks to school, surrounded solely in beautiful showering cherry blossoms and not the influential feel of community, that he once did.

Sarah’s Scenario

That will put Sarah In a position to disobey her parent's rules of curfew. Socially, she is extroverted and thrives off of other people. There are three factors that Influence her willing to go against her parent's rules. These Include belonging, understanding, and enhancing-self. She Is new and wants to belong too new crowd and fit In while trying to understand their outlook and ways of talking. With that, she Is likely to feel more worthy to the group and make her feel better about herself.According to chapter 16 of Learn Psychology, (20131 cognitive dissonance Is a discomfort that someone experiences when putting ideas together that conflict with each other. Now in this situation, Sarah displays cognitive dissonance when she knows that she has no business going to anyone's party because if she does, she will miss her parent's curfew. If Sarah chooses not to go to the party, she will miss out on having fun with her new friends. This is likely to give her a uncomfortable feeling bec ause she knows she does not need to go.And that is because she knows it will cause conflict with her parents. Sarah is being affected by a few behaviors in this situation. Conformity is when a person changes their ways and thoughts to be alike another persons. Sarah wants to go to this party because she never attended one before. She also wanted this new roof of individuals to continue to involve her and invite her to events. Plus she was afraid she would miss out on the fun had she not went. Sarah displays conformity by giving in to her friends' beliefs because she went to the party anyway when she should not have.Then Sarah meets a boy named Jack at the party. As they talked, they learned they have quite a few things in common with each other. Jack and Sarah share several factors of attraction such as similarity, proximity, and physical attraction. If they do get to go on the date Jack invited her on, they are likely to enjoy themselves and get along well. They had a few similarit ies such as enjoying the same music or going to the same school. They also live In the same area nearby each other.Also, Jack Is clearly attracted to Sarah because he left her know that he thought she was beautiful. Because of these few factors, they surely have an Interest In each other romantically. Then two guys from the party get Into a pretty abrupt altercation and argument. Of course all the party goers have a piqued curiosity so they run outside to satisfy that need. Funny thing Is, no one stopped these two boys from fighting, That altercation ended up turning physical and again, no one of the party goers went o help the boys.Because of this physical altercation between the two boys, that group of popular kids used the bystander effect which means, â€Å"people are less likely are when they are alone. † (Carter & Sifter, 2013, Chapter Chapter 16). What these kids ended up doing was leave. They all went home. What one of these kids could have done differently is display diffusion of responsibility. That means a person has the tendency to be the responsible one and push the help factor amongst everyone else. Yet, not one child did, they ended up leaving the boys and everyone else there t the party..Sarah was likely going through the initial events of her evening because of her displays of conformity. She had a great deal of experience with social influences that evening. Questions are, if she had attended the party alone, would she have left the party by herself after the fight? Or would she have Just stayed there after the fight even if she had come alone? Sometimes people tend to do things differently when they are around other types of individuals. On this particular evening, Sarah and all her decisions were ultimately influenced by her peers all evening long.

Anticipatory Socialization In Work Essay

The text defined anticipatory socialization as â€Å"learning and practicing a new role before one actually occupies the position.† In adolescence, anticipatory socialization does not require a high level of commitment from the individual. When one actually enters the world of work, as when one begins a career after schooling is completed, anticipatory socialization becomes a matter of assuming a role that one really wants, not a role that one thinks one wants to play. The classic example is the aspiring young corporate executive whose clothing, speech, reading materials, politics, and even sports interests emulate those of people occupying roles to which he aspires. For many, this emulation begins long before a specific job is taken. From observations of two graduate programs in business administration—one associated with a prestigious Catholic university of about 7,000 students, the other with a southern state university of about 15,000 students–this writer has drawn the following basic conclusions: A conscious effort is made in graduate training to indoctrinate students not only into the required technical skills but also into behavioral patterns that will be required of them as business people. Indeed, students overall grades and the kinds of recommendations they will receive depend more than a little on how well they have mastered those nontechnical, behavioral skills.’Research on medical training shows similar findings (Becker et al, 1961). Future doctors are expected to internalize â€Å"bedside manners† as well as to learn medical skills. Indeed, a recent article by J. B. Reuler et al. has projected a new emphasis on the importance of the bedside manner in doctor-patient relations (Jounral of the American Medical Association, 1980). Similar inferences can be drawn from research on blue-collar workers, although anticipatory socialization was not the focus of this research. Studies by Donald Roy and Ely Chinoy (much of which was based on the classic research in the 1930s by Roethlisberger and W. J. Dickson) indicate that the acceptance of primary work group values and norms, particularly as they relate to productivity, is a prerequisite to group membership (American Journal of Sociology, 1954, 1951-52). After membership is gained, both social and physical sanctions may be applied if the norms are violated. Recent research on young fishermen has revealed that anticipatory socialization begins very early in that occupation (Maiolo and Bort, 1980). Many adult fishermen do not want their children to fish for a living. Still, a sizable proportion of sons do follow in their fathers’ footsteps. As the youngsters accompany adult fishermen, they learn the special techniques of caring for gear and setting traps and nets. They begin to learn the language of predicting harvest levels and where the most productive fishing locations, or â€Å"sets,† are. Some try their hand at making boats, and some have been observed fishing alone at the early age of thirteen. The â€Å"correct† raingear is a treasured birthday gift, and the strategy of selling fish is a particularly important skill that is sought at a very early age. In sum, anticipatory socialization is a serious and ubiquitous phenomenon in the world of work. Further, that process includes the inculcation of social as well as technical skills. References American Journal of Sociology 60: 255-256, 1954. American Journal of Sociology 5: 453-459, 1951-1952. Becker, H., et al., Boys in White, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Journal of the American Medical Association 243(3): 235-236, January 1980. Maiolo, J. and J. Bort, The Sociocultural Context of the North Carolina Shrimp Industry, Second Year Report, University of North Carolina Sea Grant, 1980.

An Explication of the Theme of Choice in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

An Explication of the Theme of Choice in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The two poems written by Robert Frost that are going to be explicated are named â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† written in 1916, and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† in 1922. The purpose of the explication of these two poems is to correlate them in order to establish a common theme that they both possess, originating from both of the poems’ individual themes. The theme that I choose to explicate concerns choice, or experiencing a time in life in which a choice has to be made given a set of possible options. When one is presented with a set of options pertinent to an important choice in life, they explore all of the possible outcomes of the options pertaining to that single choice. This is one of the reasons why it is important to spend time thinking about which option that should be chosen, lest a wrong or unfavorable decision is made. Once the sole option has been decided upon amidst the other options and possible outcomes that are given, a sense of confidence is attained and this instills the ideology into one’s mind that they have made the right choice, and they can now continue unobstructed in life with this positive mindset, knowing they made the right choice, and when it is reflected upon later on in life, the earlier instillation of the ideology—that they made the right choice that time—is still present during the reflection. The first stanza of Frosts poem The Road Not Taken portrays a traveler who has encountered a road divergence in which only one of its paths can be taken, in the first line â€Å"two roads diverged in a yellow wood.† Being a traveler, he closely examines one of the paths of the divergence, although his exploratory actions as a traveler are explained in the second and third lines of the stanza; â€Å"and be one traveler, long I stood and looked down one as far as I could† in which he gauges the safety of the path and the possible outcome before coming to a decision for which path he decides to continue on. Oftentimes in life when a decision for a choice has to be made, people observe the given options in every manner, to see and decide which one would be the best one to make, as the traveler is doing in this case for either of the paths he has the option of taking. In the second stanza of the poem, the traveler again examines the secondary path and makes his own observations about it in the first line; â€Å"then took the other, as just as fair†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in which he concludes that both of the paths are mostly identical. In the remaining lines of the stanza, he examines how this path of the divergence appears to be slightly more worn (possibly from more people traveling on it) than the other, noted in the second and third lines; â€Å"and having perhaps the better claim†¦ because it was grassy and wanted wear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in which he actually comes to the conclusion that the paths are mostly identical in the fourth and fifth lines of the stanza; â€Å"though as for that the passing there†¦ had worn them really about the same.† It can be inferred that at this point, the traveler is indecisive of which path should be taken, since no decision was actually made at this point in the poem. When deciding upon the choice you want to make with the provided options, examining or observing the characteristics of both options is a key aspect of decision-making. In the first two lines of the third stanza, it is now known that the time of day is early, that the area still remains as it was previously, and none of the leaves covering both paths have turned black from the constant on-foot traversal of other human beings; â€Å"and both that morning equally lay†¦in leaves no step had trodden black.† It can also be inferred that the traveler is spending a long time thinking about which path he should take, in which the same is done for weighing the options for a choice which has to be made. In the remaining three lines, the traveler appears to have made a decision, apparently evident in the line â€Å"oh, I kept the first for another day!† in which he favors the second path over the first one, and intends to take the first path sometime later or afterwards. The traveler also realizes that they do not want to be exposed to a situation like this anymore, given that they understand the current circumstance; attributable to the phrase â€Å"yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.† Essentially, the traveler realizes the path they have chosen in order to arrive to this point (in the poem and in the journey; again, given the current circumstance), and that knowing how things lead to other things [â€Å"how way leads on to way†] introduces a doubtable possibility, which would be returning [â€Å"I doubted it if I should ever come back†]. In the first two lines of the last stanza, the traveler has finally decided which path they wanted to take in the divergence, and that when they decide to reflect upon this decision they made, later in life, they will say: â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†¦somewhere ages and ages†¦hence two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by. And that has made all the difference.† In the very last line of this stanza, the traveler appears to be very content with his decision, and does not hint towards any sign of regression of choice in his words, hence their words â€Å"and that has made all the difference.† The aforementioned instillation of confidence is present in the traveler’s words (and mindset) because they do not regret the decision they have made during their reflection upon which choice they decided to make, and could also conclude that the traveler was able to continue in life undoubtedly because they believe and know that the choice they made was the correct one. In the first three lines of the first stanza within the second poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, the horseman is unaware of whose woods he thinks he is currently situated in, although he knows that ‘his’ house is in the village that is more than likely nearby, by saying â€Å"whose woods these are I think I know†¦his house is in the village though; he will not see me stopping here†¦to watch his woods fill up with snow.† In the last two lines of this poem, it appears that the horseman knows that he has somewhere else to be rather than the forest, and that ‘he’ would not want the horseman spending the night in the forest (despite its beauty), when the horseman should, or has to be, in town. The horseman’s horse realizes that they are not in town, and that it would be rather odd to stop suddenly without any real reason; in the second stanza’s first two lines â€Å"my little horse must think it queer†¦to stop without a farmhouse near.† The following two lines indicate the setting within the forest, and the darkness for the time of year it is; â€Å"between the woods and frozen lake†¦the darkest evening of the year.† Perhaps this natural setting and the darkness of the day, with the added ambiance of the forest is a reason why the horseman wants to stay and admire the beauty of the forest, but they have one of the options—of a choice—to stay in the forest. Within the first two lines of the third stanza, the horse realizes the peculiarity of the situation, because â€Å"he gives his harness bells a shake†¦to ask if there is some mistake,† given they are currently sitting in the middle of a quiet forest, on the darkest night of the year, in moderately snowy conditions and far from the nearby village—that needs to be reached. The ambiance of the forest’s quietness is also denoted in the following two lines of the stanza; â€Å"the only other sound’s the sweep†¦of easy wind and downy flake.† However, in the first two lines of the last stanza, the horseman realizes something—that despite where they are, they remember that they have kept a promise to someone; â€Å"the woods are lovely, dark and deep†¦but I have promises to keep.† It can be inferred that the horseman is currently in the process of upholding this promise to someone, in which he is venturing the nearby town, through the forest, to do so. The horseman had an option to remain in the forest that night, but they did not do so because they reminded themselves that they have a long journey to complete before they can actually go to sleep (apparently would be best for them to complete it sooner than later) in the village in the last two lines of the stanza; â€Å"and miles to go before I sleep†¦and miles to go before I sleep.† When comparing the lines from both sets of stanzas within both poems, the aspect of having a choice is present in both of them. In The Road Not Taken, a choice between which road has to be taken is made, and in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, a choice of whether to continue through the forest to get to the town (to rest, presumably) or remain in it for the night (to adore its natural beauty) is contemplated, however the traveler in The Road Not Taken chooses a path to continue on his journey, and the horseman in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening reminds himself that he has somewhere else to be instead of staying in the forest. Regardless of the circumstances that may arise during the situation of making a choice in life, you are still presented with the given options, and the options of course to examine or observe the possibilities of what you can do in such a situation, i.e. the traveler in The Road Not Taken having to pick a path based from his observations, or the horseman in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening opting to go to town so they could rest (and complete the journey), rather than resting in the forest amidst its natural beauty (and not knowing what could happen overnight). However, once a decision is made from the given options, the ensuing circumstances or occurrences may either positively or negatively affect the mindset you have towards the decision you made, especially in hindsight or upon reflecting on what was done at that point in time, i.e. the traveler’s words in reflection of his choice of path he made—written in the last lines of the last stanza of The Road Not Taken; â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†¦and that has made all the difference!† It is more than likely that Frost wants his readers and audiences to recognize these situations in life through means of expressing them his own poetry, which is perhaps why the handful of steps concerning the aspect of decision-making and its effects—especially in life—are poetically portrayed with his own examples, in different forms, in both of these poems.

Hofstedes Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hofstedes Theory - Essay Example A look into globalization and its effects on international businesses, and the pressure of achieving competitive advantage in the global economy is discussed. Special significance is given to studying the differences between UK and Japanese cultures and to see if any common grounds can be reached for effective management.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The world is full of confrontations between people, groups, and nations who think, feel and act differently, but, at the same time, they are exposed to common problems that demand cooperation for their solution.† (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005, pg3) The above statement effectively summarises the content of the following essay. Since ‘culture’ forms the core topic of the essay, we shall start with defining culture. Culture has been defined time and again by numerous researchers in different ways, but it is important to understand this concept from both sociological and organizational perspectives. Studying culture at societal level will give us a better understanding of the organisational context. Culture is defined as a pattern of shared assumptions that a group learned in order to solve problems, and that the group decided is valid enough to be taught to future generations as the right way of perceiving and solving these problems (Schein, 2004, pg17). In other words, culture is something that is learned and passed on, and not inherited (Hofstede, 1997). It is a multi-faceted concept with many dimensions (Mullins, 1999). Having established ‘culture’ and its application in society, it is evident that individual societies behave according to their own cultural spectra of values and norms, which effectively form their own individual personalities.

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL Literature review

Young people who may be experiencing SOCIAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES where should schools focus - Literature review Example Issues of Educating Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 1.5. Summary 1.1. Introduction This chapter aims at providing the conceptual base of the overall study. It develops the chosen topic through critically reviewing up-to-date and relevant sources on the problem of education of young people who may be experiencing social, emotional or behavioral difficulties. Importantly, the review is based on variety of pertinent scholarly sources: books, journal articles, etc. The research hypothesis of this part of the research is â€Å"Schools should primarily focus on the problem of inclusion of young people who may be having social, emotional and behavioral difficulties into mainstream schooling†. The hypothesis is tested through critical analysis of a number of viewpoints expressed by both academic and practicing educators. The topic has been developed through analysis and critical review of a range of pertinent sources in the following directions: 1) students wi th Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: hallmark features; 2) types of Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and 3) issues of educating students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 1.2. Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Hallmark Features Social Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties is a term that has been defined in many ways, which allows interpreting it rather broadly and vaguely. The term is predominantly used in the sphere of education service to refer to severe and continuous difficulties that students face in behavior emotions, as well as social conduct and relationships. Importantly, the difficulties mentioned are found to interfere with students’ progress in learning and development. As Poulou and Norwich point out, â€Å"it is a term that overlaps with psychiatric disorder at one end and disruptive behavior or behavior problems at the other† (Poulou and Norwich, 2002, p. 112). The term’s usage has faced a lot of confusion, yet a plenty of definitions have got a common point. It is its focus on behaviors found disturbing by the majority of teachers’ staff and parents (Galloway and Goodwin 1987). The typical definition deals with understanding SEBD as internalizing and externalizing difficulties. In other words, difficulties that are related to emotional and behavioral or social conduct. According to Cooper, the term has been widely used among educators and focuses on a generally vast number of problems (Cooper 1996). The characteristics that are applicable to students with SEBD are of behavioral and social nature. The analysis of academic research of the last two decades allows concluding that these students often display aggression, as well as delinquency, which are both types of externalizing behavior (Achenbach, 1991). Also, they frequently display types of internalizing behavior such as anxiety plus depression (Morris, Shah, and Morris, 2002) and if to speak about their pe ers as well as teachers, they have impaired relationships with the latter (Walker, Ramsey, and Cresham, 2004; Walker et al, 1992). Additionally, students with EBD are often characterized as having critical deficiencies in their ability to read and react to social signals (Walker, Colvin, and Ramsey, 1995; Coie & Jacobs, 1993). At the same time, the academic deficits which are found within this subgroup of students have been the focus of most recent research in the field (Wehby, Lane, & Falk, 2003; Lane, Gresham, & O'Shaughnessy, 2002; Hinshaw, 1992; Lane & Wehby, 2002; Lane, 2004). Students that are diagnosed with having EBD face significant difficulties in how they develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with other people. Other problem areas include display of prosocial behavior signs, and

Letter of explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter of explanation - Essay Example Coming from a family with such strong feelings about learning about languages, my chosen ESOL classes encompassed aspects related to reading, writing, grammar and speech. These classes were attended from basic to advanced levels to achieve a good command over the language. The field of study that has always attained my attention is business administration. I have always found myself inclined towards the study of interesting modes and processes of businesses that make only few of them different than the rest. This interest has evolved into a dream of acquiring a bachelor degree in the field of business administration. Upon my arrival in this country, I was aware of the fact that I would not be able to fulfill my dream of attaining the above stated degree in the absence of fluency in English. Therefore, the fulfillment of my dream to have a bachelor degree also provoked me to attend multiple ESOL classes in the beginning of my college career. After attending ESOL classes, I have sensed a great difference in my academic performance since I am able to comprehend the on-going lectures and class discussions in a better manner. My questions do not remain unanswered since I can frame my queries in a correct manner. Class discussions have gotten more interesting and make me learn many things that cannot be comprehended in isolation. I believe that my time spent in ESOL classes have proved to be an important factor in helping me attain good academic results and experience of a productive college career. Learning a new language does not only facilitate the effective acquisition of education in another country, it also helps the individual in mingling with the prevailing culture and norms of the society. Fluency in the language of the region tends to remove the communication barriers and helps in getting one comfortable with his new surroundings. This kind of psychological aspect has also been facilitated from

SEXUAL ABUSE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SEXUAL ABUSE - Coursework Example 2009). The personalities and behaviors of the involved persons often provide important information to the investigators. In order to determine the validity of a sexual abuse report, the available information and evidence is often evaluated. The best source of information is often evidence from sources like statements from eye witnesses, confessions, pictures or videos that depict the abuse. Additionally, conclusive medical and forensic evidence often make the process of case validation very easy. However, this kind of evidence is very rare in child abuse cases, hence the need to derive other means of validation. Hersen & Gross (2008), claim that the majority of child cases often have the statements from the child and other evidence that may be consistent with abuse but does not prove that the abuse actually occurred. The other evidence includes the child’s emotional and behavioral characteristics, indirect medical findings, known contact with the offender, suspect seen by othe rs and objects similar to the descriptions given by the child. In case there is no other evidence, then it becomes very important to examine the statements given by the child in order to validate an abuse report. ... Sexual knowledge or behavior that is developmentally unusual: This suggests that the child has been sexually abused repeatedly and has become used to it Developmentally appropriate language: The language used by the child must be consistent with his or her age to ensure that there is no coaching. Play and gesture indicative of abuse Idiosyncratic detail: The child should be able to recount highly personalized details to add credibility to his or her statement Content of the statement: The details of the child’s statement should be thoroughly analyzed in order to establish consistency The child’s manner and emotional response: The child’s emotions must be captured to establish whether they are real or coached The existence of a motive to fabricate: The assessment should consider the factors that may be behind the child’s motive to fabricate information or be coached to lie The child corrects the interviewer: The instances where the child corrected or failed to agree with the interviewer implies that he or she is paying attention to the session The statement of the offender should be examined for validity 2 Discuss, in detail, the various charging considerations, options, and statutory schemes. In the cases of sexual abuse, the most serious potential charge is often chosen although the prosecutor must prove all the elements of the crime beyond reasonable doubt (Myers, 1997). The nature of the conduct is often significant as it determines whether the offender did it once or repeatedly. The following considerations are often made: Intentional homicide: In the event that the child is murdered, the prosecutor must prove that the perpetrator intended to kill the victim. Knowing

Olympics as a Platform for Political Protests Essay

Olympics as a Platform for Political Protests - Essay Example Some people believe that by using the Olympics as a platform for political issues, they exert pressure upon oppressive governments and such governments may be forced to change their regime. It is a fact that 2008 Olympics to be held in China has sparked lots of debate. The above writer believes that these protests are actually prompting the Chinese government to review their policies towards Tibet. The latter country is fighting for independence and in order to gain international support, there is a need to choose the right movement when all eyes are on the host country. Such people argue that if they were to choose another time like after the Olympics, very few countries will be interested in the problems of China. Also using sporting events as a platform for political issues allows other countries to demonstrate their disdain about the actions of those oppressive regimes. There are also claims that host countries need to foster the image of the Olympics. This means that they need to portray the peace and unity that is synonymous with the event. If a host country has not been doing this, then it can be seen as a form of hypocrisy. The Chinese government has been criticized for its human rights abuses. There have reports about how the Chinese government prevents its citizens from discussing issues about their government. Furthermore, the Chinese government normally discourages most foreigners form discussing their problems claiming that it has nothing to do with them; they believe that they are the only ones with a right to solve their problems. In light of these arguments, it would be quite unfair for such a government to hold the Olympics and claim that they foster the spirit of unity that is synonymous with the torch. (Rice, 2008) Some people believe that protests should be conducted in any platforms a long as there is room to be heard. Furthermore, they believe that sometimes members of the host country may not have the political freedom to do so consequently, the international community needs top help them in this. For instance, there are numerous goods in the US government that come form the Chinese government. But workers in that location have minimal access to basic resources. Most of them are subjected to harsh working conditions and low pay. They cannot complain about this situation because it may bring problems. Consequently, the international community needs to help the Chinese workers by voicing their complaints. These complaints will only be noticed when the country stands to loose something. For instance, if the international countries boycotts the Olympics, then chances are the Chinese government will loose a lot. It may therefore be promoted to change their worker's conditions due to these chang es. Arguments against using the Olympics as a platform for political protests 'Sport is sport and politics is politics. There has never been anyone who has belied the fact that sport is the best way of uniting peoples.' (Brincat, 2008)